Resources
Explore additional resources of interest.


Expert perspectives videos
Hear from the experts as they discuss the Ang–Tie pathway and its importance in retinal diseases.
VEGF inhibition and beyond:
Building on existing foundations
Patricio G. Schlottmann, MD
Charles Wykoff, MD, PhD
Anat Loewenstein, MD
Introduction to angiopoietins
Pipsa Saharinen, PhD
University of Helsinki
Helsinki, Finland
Vascular stability: What is it
really?
Patricio G. Schlottmann, MD
Organizacion Medica de Investigacion
Buenos Aires, Argentina
It’s all in the balance: Ang-1 vs
Ang-2
Anat Loewenstein, MD
Tel Aviv Medical Center
Tel Aviv, Israel
Ang-2 and vascular instability: Explore the evidence
Charles Wykoff, MD, PhD
Retina Consultants of Houston
Houston, Texas, United States
Pathways mediating nAMD,
DME and DR
Stephan Michels, MD
Augenklinik Zürich West and University of Zürich
Zürich, Switzerland
Downloadable resources
Learn more about the role of angiopoietins in vascular stability and retinal disease.
Angiopoietins: Key regulators of vascular stability
Download a detailed illustration showing how Ang-1 and Ang-2 promote vascular stability or instability.
A closer look at vascular stability
Download a visual summary of how Ang-1 and Ang-2 regulate vascular stability.

FAQs
Find answers to common questions related to angiopoietins and retinal diseases.
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; Ang, angiopoietin; CNV, choroidal neovascularisation; DME, diabetic macular edema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; nAMD, neovascular age-related macular degeneration; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; RVO, retinal vein occlusion; Tie, tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like domains; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
References
- Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-diseases/symptoms-causes/syc-20355825 [last accessed November 2021]
- Genentech. https://www.gene.com/patients/disease-education/age-related-macular-degeneration [last accessed November 2021]
- NEI. Diabetic Retinopathy. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/diabetic-retinopathy [last accessed November 2021]
- ASRS. https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/24/branch-retinal-vein-occlusion [last accessed November 2021]
- American Academy of Ophthalmology. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-central-retinal-veinocclusion [last accessed November 2021]
- Thomas M, et al. Angiogenesis. 2009;12:125–37
- Saharinen P, et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16:635–61
- American Academy of Ophthalmology. https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_Neovascularization%3A_OCT_Angiography_Findings [last accessed November 2021]
- University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Institute. http://kellogg.umich.edu/theeyeshaveit/opticfundus/retinal_neovascularization.html [last accessed November 2021]
- Scheppke L, et al. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(6):2237–46