Resources
Explore additional resources of interest.


Expert perspectives videos
Hear from the experts as they discuss the Ang–Tie pathway and its importance in retinal diseases.
Introduction to angiopoietins
Pipsa Saharinen, PhD
University of Helsinki,
Helsinki, Finland
Vascular stability: What is it
really?
Patricio G. Schlottmann, MD
Organización Médica de Investigación,
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Downloadable resources
Learn more about the role of angiopoietins in vascular stability and retinal disease.
Angiopoietins: Key regulators of vascular stability
Download a detailed illustration showing how Ang-1 and Ang-2 promote vascular stability or instability.
A closer look at vascular stability
Download a visual summary of how Ang-1 and Ang-2 regulate vascular stability.

FAQs
Find answers to common questions related to angiopoietins and retinal diseases.
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; Ang, angiopoietin; CNV, choroidal neovascularisation; DME, diabetic macular edema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; nAMD, neovascular age-related macular degeneration; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; RVO, retinal vein occlusion; Tie, tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like domains; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
References
- Mayo Clinic. Retinal diseases. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-diseases/symptoms-causes/syc-20355825 [last accessed June 2022]
- Genentech. Age-related macular degeneration. https://www.gene.com/patients/disease-education/age-related-macular-degeneration [last accessed June 2022]
- NEI. Diabetic retinopathy. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/diabetic-retinopathy [last accessed June 2022]
- ASRS. Branch retinal vein occlusion. https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/24/branch-retinal-vein-occlusion [last accessed June 2022]
- American Academy of Ophthalmology. What is central retinal vein occlusion? https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-central-retinal-vein-occlusion [last accessed June 2022]
- The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Retinal vein occlusion guidelines. https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Retinal-Vein-Occlusion-Guidelines-2022.pdf [last accessed June 2022]
- Thomas M, et al. Angiogenesis. 2009;12:125–37
- Saharinen P, et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16:635–61
- American Academy of Ophthalmology. Choroidal neovascularization: OCT angiography findings. https://eyewiki.org/Choroidal_Neovascularization%3A_OCT_Angiography_Findings [last accessed June 2022]
- University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Institute. Retinal vascularization. http://kellogg.umich.edu/theeyeshaveit/opticfundus/retinal_neovascularization.html [last accessed June 2022]
- Scheppke L, et al. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:2237–46